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,→Cabinet Size/Shape and Resonance
Most 4x12 and 2x12's use closed back designs for tight, thick bass. Volume is usually not an issue, due to using multiple speakers. They are preferred for hard rock and metal tones, where punchy low end is an important part of the sound. For more vintage sounds where it is less important, open back designs are fine, with many vintage amps being combo's (amp and speaker in the same box).
=== Cabinet Size/Shape /Material and Resonance ===Closed back cabinets are particularly susceptible to resonance. This is not a bad thing...depending on the size, shape, and material of the cabinet. Resonance will occur at several places in the frequency spectrum, but mainly at a certain low to midrange frequency.
== Gain Staging ==