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→Why/When to Modulate?
Modulation can be used for a variety of purposes. It is generally used as a means to add contrast to different sections or themes in a song. The altered tonality adds to the change in harmonic progressions or melody. It can highlight how much contrast between themes or sections there is depending on how related the chosen keys you modulate to/from.
Just as an ascending melody can be used to build excitement, modulating keys higher and higher can be used the same way. The frequency of modulations can also be used to indicate such - increasingly frequent modulations can make the piece sound a bit chaotic but also make things seem out-of-control with energy. The same can be done descending as a calming method. If the modulations follow an easily-identified pattern, such as in a rosalia, they will not sound chaotic but mellow - it allows repetition while still creating movement.
Modulations can also be used to make a piece sound disjointed, similar to playing in scales with an ambiguous tonality. Or they can allow the piece to use lots of harmonic and melodic repetition without becoming increasingly boring.
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