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* {|| '''Whole Note '''| [[File:Music- appears as an oval, not filled inwholenote.svg|70px]]* | '''Whole Rest'''| [[File:Music-wholerest.svg|70px]]|-| '''Half Note '''| [[File:Music- same as a whole note with a vertical line ("stem") ascending from the right side or descending from the lefthalfnote.svg|70px]]* | '''Half Rest'''| [[File:Music-halfrest.svg|70px]]|-| '''Quarter Note '''| [[File:Music-quarternote.svg|70px]]| '''Quarter Rest'''| [[File:Music- same as a half note but filled inquarterrest.svg|70px]]* |-| '''Eighth Note '''| [[File:Music- same as a quarter note but with a wavy line ("flag") on the tip of the stemeighthnote.svg|70px]]| '''Eighth Rest''' * | [[File:Music-eighthrest.svg|70px]]|-| '''Sixteenth Note '''| [[File:Music-sixteenthnote.svg|70px]]|'''Sixteenth Rest'''| [[File:Music- same as an eighth note but with two flagssixteenthrest.svg|70px]]|}
* Whole Rest - A small rectangle whose top touches a line of Notice the flags on the staff* Half Rest - A small rectangle whose bottom touches notes shorter than a line quarter note. When such notes appear consecutively, bars are used in place of the staff* Quarter Rest - looks like a zigzag line connected to a curve on flags, so the bottom* Eighth Rest - looks like a notes are "7barred" but with ball on together for each beat. For example, this helps indicate that 2 eighth or 4 sixteenth notes equal the top left tip* Sixteenth Rest same duration as a single quarter note. [[File:Music- looks like 2 stacked eighth restsbeam.svg|x50px]]
Notice Additional durations can be formed in several ways. The simplest is the flags on placement of a '''dot''' behind the notes shorter than a quarter note. When such notes appear consecutively, bars are used in place of This indicates that the flags, so the notes are "barred" together for each beatnote should be its normal duration plus half its normal duration. For exampleThus, a dotted half note in 4/4 time lasts 3 beats, this helps indicate that 2 eighth or 4 sixteenth notes equal the same duration as a single half note and a quarter note.[[File:Music-dotnote.svg|x50px]]
Additional durations Two notes of the same pitch that appear consecutively can be formed in several ways. The simplest is the placement of '''tied''' together with a dot behind the notecurved line above or below them. This indicates that to sustain the first note should be its normal duration plus half its normal durationthat much longer. ThusFor example, a dotted half note and quarter note slurred together are equivalent to 3 beats in 4/4 time lasts 3 beats, or the same as a dotted half note and a quarter note.[[File:Music-tie.svg|x50px]]
Two notes of If the same pitch that appear consecutively can be "slurred" together with a curved line above or below them. This occurs between two ''different'' notes, this indicates a '''slur''', which means to sustain the first note that much longerplay ''legato''. For example, a half note and quarter note slurred together are equivalent to 3 beats in 4/4, or a dotted half note[[File:Music-slur.svg|x50px]]
→Quarter Tones
The '''Staff''' is a set of 5 parallel, horizontal lines that form the majority of "ink on the page". These correspond to pitch, with lower pitches towards the lowest line and higher pitches towards the highest. Notes are marked on top of a line, or between a pair of them (called spaces).
[[File:Music-staff.svg|100px]]
=== Ledger Lines ===
Sometimes notes have pitch lower or higher than the lowest or highest line of the staff. To accommodate this, the notation uses '''Ledger Lines''', additional lines drawn above or below the staff. Unlike the staff, however, ledger lines are short line fragments that are only as long as necessary for one or several consecutive notes that do not fit on the staff. The number of lines drawn is however many are necessary to get from the lowest note on the staff to the note desired - in some cases it can be a lot.
[[File:Ledger lines.svg|200px]]
=== Key and Accidentals ===
The '''Key''' is implied by a series of sharp or flat symbols on the staff lines/spaces after the clef (or their absence in the keys of C Major or A Minor). They indicate to play the sharped/flatted note for any note appearing on that line or space throughout the entire piece, until another key marking is indicated.
The key indicated can be overridden in any individual measure by using sharp, flat, or natural symbols to the left of the note. Once a single such marking appears, ''that variant'' of ''that note'' will persist for the duration of the measure without additional markings; however, it can still be overridden within the measure.
{|
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[[File:A-major f-sharp-minor.svg|100px]]
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[[File:G-flat-major e-flat-minor.svg|100px]]
|}
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Each clef can be positioned higher or lower on the staff - there is a particular aspect of each clef that is designed to align to a certain note.
* [[File:GClef.svg|x50px]] - '''G Clef ''' - the spiral on its lower portion circles G above middle C* [[File:CClef.svg|x30px]] - '''C Clef ''' - the arrow-like symbol in the center points to middle C* [[File:FClef.svg|x30px]] - '''F Clef ''' - the line or space between the two dots indicates F below middle C
The G Clef commonly places G on the second line of the staff from the bottom, so that the notes E G B D F fall on the lines and and F A C E fall on the spaces from lowest to highest. The C clef commonly places C on the middle line of the staff, and the F clef commonly places F on the 2nd highest line of the staff.
The time signature not only determines the speed of the piece, by aligning the note markings to each beat of the tempo, but implies the rhythm or meter of the piece. The measures should roughly align to discrete musical ideas (melodies, harmonic progressions, etc.). By determining the number of beats per measure, the time signature creates a visual organization to the piece.
[[File:Compound duple drum pattern.png|200px]]
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Note markings are vertically aligned on the staff to determine their pitch. Rests are placed in the middle of the staff, as they have no pitch content, only rhythm. The different symbols used to indicate notes and rests determine their duration, in terms of beats (dependent on the time signature). Here are the most common notes:
'''Tuplets ''' are indicated the same way they are in tab, with a bracket above the notes and the ratio or number above that.[[File:Music-triplet.svg|x50px]]
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'''Measures''' indicate organization, often numbered to quickly refer to a section or place in the piece. The [[#Time Signature|time signature]] indicates the number of beats per measure, which implies meter (See [[Music Theory Basics]]). Each measure is bound on the left and right by a pair of vertical lines from the top to bottom of the lines of the staff. Consecutive measures are divided by a single bar between them. The first and last measure of a section movement will have double bars at the beginning and end of the measure, respectivelywith the last line thicker than the other. Sections can be indicated in a movement by using a double bar between measures. <div width="90%">[[File:Alphabet_song.png|500px]]</div>
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Some measures are marked with a thick vertical line followed by one of normal size then two vertically-aligned dots (like a colon - ":"). This is called a '''repeat sign''' and indicates that this measure or section will be repeated. When the same marks are found in the opposite order, that means to return to the measure with the initial repeat sign. If there is no initial repeat sign, it means to repeat from the beginning of the song. If the measure/section are to be repeated more than once, a multiple is indicated near the final repeat sign (2x, 3x, 4x, etc.) - this indicates the total number of times the passage is to be played. For instance, "4x" or "x4" means to play it once initially, then repeat 3 more times.
[[File:Forma Menuet.png|x80px]]
Means to play: A A B B
Often the last (or last few) measures before a repeat sign will have a bracket above it with "1." or "2.". This indicates which measure (or group of measures) to play based upon which repetition is being played. For the initial playthrough, you play the "1." and on the repeat play the "2.". This allows sheet music to be more condensed. Often you will play the same ending multiple times ("1., 2., 3." for the same measure or group of measures) with the final time playing a different measure ("4.").
[[File:YB0342 Repetition amenagements.png|300px]] <nowiki>*</nowiki><small>YB0342 Repetition amenagements by Magnus Manske, [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ CC BY-SA 3.0], [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bars_%28music%29#/media/File:YB0342_Repetition_amenagements.png src]</small> The symbols '''"D.C."''' and '''"D.S."''' are shorthand for the Italian phrases '''Da Capo''' and '''Dal Segno''', and indicate to jump back a large distance in the piece, which may span numerous repeated measures/section. "D.C." indicates to jump all the way back to the beginning of the piece, while "D.S." means to jump back to the measure marked by the '''Segno sign''' symbol (looks like an S surrounded by dots with a line through it). They are followed by '''"Al Fine"''' or '''"Al Coda"'''. '''Al Fine''' means to play the repetition until the end of the pieceor a measure marked with a '''Fine''' symbol, while '''Al Coda''' means to play until hitting the measure marked with the '''Coda sign''' symbol (looks like crosshairs - a circle with a + sign through it). Once hitting the Coda, the piece jumps to the measure indicated by the next Coda (like a warp/portal). The Segno and Coda symbols only apply once you are playing the repetition indicated by "D.C." or "D.S.". On the initial playthrough, they are ignored (although you should take note of the Segno, so you know where to jump back to from a "D.S."). {|class="mycellpadding"| [[File:Music-dacapo.png|x40px]]| [[File:Music-dalsegno.png|x40px]]| [[File:Music-segno.png|x40px]]| [[File:Music-coda.png|x40px]]|-| Da Capo| Dal Segno| Segno| Coda|} [[File:Structure 2.jpg|x80px]] [[File:Dal segno al coda.png|x150px]] Play measures: 1, 2, 3, 4, 2, 3, 5, 6
A '''simile mark''' is a symbol that looks like a division symbol (a slanted line with a dot to the upper left and lower right). Some measures may have a simile mark on it/them, which indicates to repeat the previous beat or measure(s) (which should be clear from the context). [[File:Music-simile.png|x70px]]
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A ">" symbol above a note indicates to play it accented. A "^" above it indicates an even stronger accent. [[File:Music-marcato.png|x50px]], [[File:Music-strong-marcato.png|x50px]]
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=== Trills ===
A "tr" marking above a note indicates a trill. Rapidly alternate between the given note and the next highest note in the key.[[File:Music-trill.png|x50px]]
=== Grace Notes ===
A smaller than usual usual note with a slanted line through it slurred into a normal note indicates a grace note. This means to play the grace note with as little duration as possible, using legato to get to the normal-sized note.[[File:Music-acciaccatura.svg|x50px]]
=== Legato ===
Different notes above/below a curved line indicate to play them legato. [[File:Music-slur.svg|x50px]]
=== Staccato ===
A dot above a note means to cut its duration shorter than usual, getting a percussive feel.[[File:Music-staccato.svg|x50px]]
=== Quarter Tones ===
A backward flat symbol or half of a sharp symbol indicates to flat/sharp the note by a quarter step rather than a half-step, placing it between notes of the chromatic scale.[[File:Music-demisharp.svg|x50px]] [[File:Music-demiflat.svg|x50px]]
=== Arpeggios ===
A wavy vertical line in front of a group of notes (chord) indicates to arpeggiate the chord, playing the notes in sequence from lowest to highest quickly such that each individual note can be heard, while still giving the whole chord the duration of notes.[[File:Music-arpeggio.svg|x50px]]
=== Section Markings ===
Two sections can be indicated by a double bar between measures. The end of a movement is indicated by double bars at the end of the last measure, with the last bar thicker than the other. [[File:Music-doublebar.svg|x30px]] ... [[File:Music-endbar.svg|x30px]]
=== Portamento ===
A wavy line between two notes indicates portamento (or pitch slide) - to move from the first to second note by steadily ascending or descending the pitch, such as by bending or using the whammy bar.[[File:Music-glissando.svg|x50px]]
=== Octave Markings ===
"8va" with a line above notes indicates to play them one octave higher. "15ma" indicates two octaves higher.[[File:Music-ottavaalta.png|x50px]], [[File:Music-quindicesimaalta.png|x50px]]
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