Difference between revisions of "Guitar Parts and Functions"

Revision as of 15:37, 30 April 2014

The guitar can be divided into two main parts: body and neck. The terms front/back/side/etc can get a little confusing. Typically the part that faces the audience and has the strings, pickups, bridge, and controls is the front or face; and the part that faces your body is the back. All other parts of the body are called the side. All directionality is usually along the neck-body, or more commonly neck-bridge, axis. For example, a pickup is often called the neck pickup or the bridge pickup, based on whether it is the one closer to the neck or to the bridge.

Body

The body contains the tailpiece/bridge, pickups, toggle switch, knobs, cutaways/horns, neck heel, strap pins.

Tailpiece or Bridge

The tailpiece/bridge is the part that connects the strings to the body. There are numerous types. The Stratocaster's tremolo bridge is one of the more famous. It features individual adjustable saddles and a whammy bar. Some bridges are coupled directly to the guitar body, which claim to increase tone and sustain. Some are only attached to a few points, allowing the bridge to "float".

Pickups

Pickups are typically bars that reside between the bridge and the neck; however, they technically refer to anything that converts the string resonance into electricity. Typical pickups are either single-coil or humbuckers. Humbuckers are usually wider than single-coils because they use two coils. One is reverse wound, which makes any interference being picked up cancel out. Humbuckers are also typically wired in serial, which gives them greater output but also greater impedance, which makes them a bit more nasal-sounding. Single coils are associated with shimmering clean tones while humbuckers are a staple of heavily distorted tones.

Pickup-Selector Switch

The toggle or pickup-selector switch is usually the only switch on the front of an electric guitar. This is used to select which pickup is active. This can be wired in different configurations, but usually a 3 pickup guitar will feature a 5-way selector with neck, neck + middle, middle, middle + bridge, bridge as you move it from pointing towards the neck to the bridge. A 2 pickup guitar usually features a 3-way selector with neck, neck + middle, bridge.

Knobs/Controls

There are usually 2-4 knobs on the front of a guitar, and they function as either volume or "tone" knobs. The knobs connect to potentiometers (audio tapers), which add or decrease resistance to certain circuit paths inside the guitar. A volume knob functions as expected, reducing potential electrical output. A tone knob filters higher pitched frequencies, which allows the player to adjust the "darkness" or "brightness" of the tone. If the guitar has 4 knobs, this typically indicates that each pickup has its own set of volume and tone controls.

Cutaways and Horns

Cutaways are the areas around where the neck meets the body. On an acoustic guitar, there are typically no cut-aways, making it difficult to access the highest frets on the fretboard. On electric, this part of the body is typically "cut away", allowing the player's hand to more easily access those frets. Depending on the body shape, this may leave "horns" - parts of the body that extend away from the body and towards the neck that resemble horns on animals.

Neck Heel

The neck heel is simply the "pocket" cut into the body designed for the neck to fit into, where it is then usually bolted on. Some guitars are made from a single piece of wood or similarly, where the neck runs through the body (neck-through design). In this case, there is technically no neck heel, although it may still be used to refer to the place where the neck and body meet.

Strap Pins

The strap pins are metal studs screwed into the body that allow a strap to be attached to the guitar. They are typically located on the front of the top horn and bridge side of the guitar, in line with the strings. On some body shapes, there is no front horn, and the pin is either where the horn would be, or it is on the back of the body by the neck heel.

Neck

The neck has the headstock, tuners, nut, fretboard, and fret markers.

Headstock

The headstock is the end of the neck where the strings attach to the tuners. Manufacturers often have a signature shape/design for their headstock.

Tuners

Tuners are the metal pieces in the headstock that secure the string ends and are used to tighten or loosen each string's tension, changing its pitch.

Nut

The nut is the 0th fret - the last part of the fretboard before the headstock. It is basically a fret that is always fretted.

Fretboard, Frets, and Fret Markers

The fretboard is the front of the neck with the shiny metal bars called frets. The frets are used to sound specific pitches within the chromatic scale, but also make performing bends and vibrato easier. The fret markers are usually on the top side of the neck and often on the front of the fretboard as well. They indicate the 3rd, 5th, 7th, 9th, 12th, 15th, 17th, 19th, and 21st frets.

Strings

Strings - strings are numbered 1-6 (on a six-string guitar), with 1 being the thinnest and 6 being the thickest. Sometimes they are called by their open pitch in standard tuning (covered in Tuning and Harmonics). Ex. the 2nd string is also called the b string. Since there are two open e strings in standard tuning, they are called "high e string" or "low e string". High/Low refers to pitch, so "high e" is 1st string; "low e" is 6th string. Electric guitar strings are typically made from nickel-plated steel. A typical set of electric strings has 6 strings - 3 wound and 3 unwound. Wound strings have a straight core string with another string wound around it - this adds mass and lowers the string's resonant pitch while maintaining higher elasticity than simply using a thicker single string. Strings typically have one end with a metal or plastic "ball" ending with the other side being simply cut. The ball ending is used to hold the string in place in the guitar's tailpiece/bridge, while the cut end is placed through the tuner and wound tight.

Advanced Parts

Let's quickly discuss more advanced stuff. This will help you identify these parts, but we save adjusting them for a more advanced lesson.

Truss Rod

The neck has a truss rod under the fretboard, connected to the headstock and end of the neck by the neck heel. This is used to put tension on the neck to counter the tension of the strings, preventing the neck from becoming concave. The ideal neck is somewhere between perfectly flat and slightly concave, which allows each fret to sound with minimal as well as near-equal fret buzz across the entire fretboard.

String Tree

Some headstocks have one or more string tree, which reside between the nut and tuners. These route the strings at a sharper downward angle on the nut, for cleaner tone and better sustain on open notes.

Whammy Bar and Bear Claws

Some bridges incorporate a whammy bar - pushing on the bar moves/pivots the bridge closer to the nut, causing the strings to slack and lowering their pitch. Some bridges allow the bar to be pulled as well to raise the strings' pitch. For bridges that use a whammy bar, the bridge needs counter-tension to prevent the strings from pulling the bridge from its neutral position. Usually this is done inside a rear cavity where the bridge connects to "bear claw" springs. The springs are afixed to a metal clasp which is screwed into the body. Screwing the clasp further into the body increases the tension on the bridge.

Bridge Saddles

All bridges have bridge saddles where there strings first touch the bridge - kind of like the nut. Most of the time these saddles are adjustable in some way. They can be raised or lowered to change the "action" of the guitar (which makes it more or less difficult to play at the expense of less or greater fret buzz). They can also be moved forward/backward to shorten/lengthen the string, which allows the instrument to be intonated (meaning it is in-tune across the entire fretboard). The tension/distance/mass relationship's effect on pitch is not as perfect as a simplistic model may assume - it is common for the thickest strings to require greater length than thinner strings, which is why it is favorable for the instrument to have a bridge with individual adjustable saddles.

Miscellaneous

Polepieces

Polepieces are the visible metal cylinders inside the pickups. Some pickups have covers that hide these, while others don't have individual pole pieces for each string but a single "rail" that spans all the strings. Some pickups feature adjustable height on the polepieces, or come preset with various heighths. I haven't found adjusting them has much effect on the tone, other than getting them close enough to acheive "pole pull" which is undesirable.

Pickguard

The pickguard is the plastic area on the face of the body that prevents you from scratching the finish on the body. These aren't that expensive and can find various designs/colors for most of the common guitar body shapes. The pickguard or "pickup rings" are usually how the pickups connect to the guitar body, and features screws to adjust pickup height. In some guitars, there is no pickguard or pickup rings and the pickups are screwed directly into the guitar body - they may or may not have springs underneath and be adjustible in this case.

Homework

Study your guitar and try to identify every single piece of it.

Related Lessons

Prev: Table of Contents Next: Holding the Guitar and Pick