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Changes
m
→Common Tone
A note common to the source and destination key is sustained during the transition. For example, a C -> E modulation could sustain the E in the I chord of C while moving to the IV chord of E, which also contains E.
C F G C A B7 E C: I IV V I E: IV V7 I
E--0----1----3----0----0----0----2----0--
B--1----1----3----1---(x)---2----0----0--