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→Notes and Movement
These pitches are named using the letters A-G. You may notice that is only 7 letters - the other 5 can be expressed using [[#Sharps and Flats|sharp or flat]] symbols next to the letter names, covered below. It is customary to define the "A" note to a specific frequency, with the standard being A = 440 HZ. This determines the pitches of the other notes, given that they are all equidistant within an octave. Certain compositions may call for aligning the notes to different frequencies (A = 442 HZ); however, this will not change the ''relative'' pitch between notes, which is our primary concern in terms of the art of music. Whether a melody is played with A = 440 HZ or A = 442 HZ will have the same emotional impact on the listener.
For instance, there is an "A" note at 110 HZ and another "A" at 220 HZ. Also, you have "E" at 165 HZ, and an "E" at 330 HZ. The 110-165 HZ A-E fifth interval is harmonically equivalent to the 220-330 HZ A-E fifth interval (both contain intervals with 3:2 ratios). Thus, '''for purely harmonic reasons, absolute frequency is not important'''. Only the relative frequency of one note to others is important. Between 110 HZ and 220 HZ, you have the notes A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Between 220 HZ and 440 HZ, you have A, B, C, D, E, F, and G again. Obviously, even if the note names are the same, they will sound differently since they relate to different fundamental frequencies. However, harmonically, A is A and B is B, regardless of which octave it actually belongs to.
=== Semi-tones and Whole-tones ===