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→Tonicizations
=== Difference from Modulation ===
The only real difference between a modulation and a tonicization is length. A tonicization may last a single chord or measure, very briefly changing the tonic note, and usually for the purpose of further creating and resolving tension against the original tonic note. A modulation lasts longer (although it may be as brief as about 2 measures) and often creates and resolves tension in the new key numerous times before, if ever, returning to the original key.
===Notation===
The "/" indicates that the chord is borrowed. The bottom or right side of the slash is the key that is being borrowed from, in relation to the current tonic note. The left or top side of the slash indicates which chord from that scale is being used. V/V means the fifth diatonic major chord of the major key whose root is the fifth diatonic note of the current key.
In the key of C Major, the V/V chord is V/G Major (V of G Major), or D major.
=== Secondary Dominant ===
The most common borrowed chord is the V (or V7) of V chord, commonly notated as ''V/V'' or ''V7/V''. Basically, if we think of the current key's V chord as a I chord, it is the V chord above that. So for the key of C Major, V is G major. In the key of G Major, V is D major. Thus, in the key of C Major, V/V is D major. Notice, the diatonic chord in the key of C Major with a root note of D is actually D minor, making the V/V D major chord a non-diatonic chord. Similarly, in the key of A Harmonic Minor, V is E major, so V/V is B major. The diatonic chord would be B diminished.
===Notation===The "/" indicates that the chord is borrowed. The bottom or right side of the slash is the key that is being borrowed from, in relation to the current tonic note. The left or top side of the slash indicates which chord from that scale is being used. V/V means the fifth diatonic major chord of the major key whose root is the fifth diatonic note of the current key. In the key of C Major, the V/V chord is V/G Major (V of G Major), or D major. =Function==Function===
It is essentially a dominant function chord whose function is to resolve to the dominant chord of the current key, the same way the V chord normally resolves to I. That chord then resolves to the actual I or i chord. So the entire progression would be V/V - V - I.
The overall effect is to extend the dominant-tonic resolution over a three chord change. It helps create a little extra tension, making the final resolution that much stronger.
====Examples====
In C Major, the progression would be D - G - C. D is borrowed, as Dm is the diatonic chord. The raised F{{s}} that makes it a major chord also gives it the dominant function to resolve a half step to G, as part of the G chord.